August 10, 2011 — Hospitals vary markedly when it comes to the rate at which diagnostic coronary angiography or catheterization – an invasive procedure that allows doctors to see the vessels and arteries leading to the heart – actually finds obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) in people without known heart disease.
In fact, some United States hospitals report that 100 percent of such patients were found to have CAD; others had rates as low as 23 percent, meaning the majority of patients selected for elective catheterization did not have blockages. All of this information is found in a new study in the Aug. 16, 2011 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Researchers say these findings warrant further efforts to improve patient selection and decision-making processes used to limit exposure to costly, invasive procedures when not needed.
“This procedure has associated costs and it’s not without risk,” said Pamela S. Douglas, M.D., Ursula Geller professor of cardiovascular research, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, N.C., and lead author of the study. “This study is an important step in assessing quality of care and is integral to efforts to improve it. Our findings indicate that there may be an opportunity to increase the likelihood of finding CAD at catheterization, and perhaps reduce the number of procedures that don’t find disease.”
The study – a follow-up to a 2010 inquiry – is the first to investigate differing rates of discovery of CAD with coronary angiography and the factors that might predict this. Hospital-level variability appears predictable based on differing patterns of patient selection and pre-catheterization evaluation, testing and treatment.
“Because hospitals maintained a similar rate of finding disease relative to other hospitals year in and year out, and these rates are also related to patient characteristics, it suggests that decision-making processes and clinical practice patterns are a highly influential factor guiding the use of diagnostic coronary angiography and could be a target for quality improvement efforts,” explained Douglas.
While the study was unable to capture every reason for performing angiography, findings suggest some procedures might be avoided if decisions were more similar between high- and low-discovery rate hospitals.
Hospitals with lower rates of CAD discovery by catheterization were more likely to perform the procedures on younger patients; women; those with a lower likelihood of disease who presented with atypical symptoms; and those who had negative non-invasive diagnostic testing done prior to angiography.
Not surprisingly, patients at higher risk of being diagnosed with obstructive CAD were more likely to have hypertension, diabetes and other expected risk factors. In general, the size and type of hospital (e.g., teaching hospital, public vs. private) and setting did not change the findings.
Researchers identified 565,504 patients without known heart disease who underwent elective cardiac catheterization at 691 hospitals nationwide over a three-year-period to evaluate the rate of finding obstructive CAD. Authors defined CAD as any major epicardial vessel stenosis at 50 percent or higher, but similar patterns remained even when alternate definitions were applied.
“The decision to perform catheterization should be selective and ideally limited to patients with moderate to high pre-test probability for CAD,” said Douglas. He also cautions that there are other, valid reasons to do a catheterization besides the expectation of finding obstructive CAD, such as patient reassurance.
To provide additional guidance to cardiologists, ACC is working on appropriate use criteria for ordering invasive diagnostic coronary angiographies, with release expected this winter. In the meantime, Douglas advocates for closer consideration of those clinical factors known to be most strongly associated with CAD. These include advancing age, risk factors and typical symptoms. A careful assessment of patients’ risk and presenting symptoms, as well as results of any stress and other noninvasive tests should be considered.
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