November 14, 2008 – Overall, in patients with a common form of non-STEMI there is not a significant difference in the combined endpoint of death, heart attack or stroke at six months whether their diagnostic angiogram is performed within 24 hours of the non-STEMI or days later, according to research released at AHA 2008 this week.
Results from the TIMing of Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome (TIMACS) study shows non-STEMI patients do not always have to be rushed to the cath lab for treatment. The study of 3,031 patients treated at 100 medical centers in 17 countries was a prospective comparison of the relative usefulness, safety and cost effectiveness of early (within 24 hours) angiography, followed by revascularization if necessary, versus a delay of more than 36 hours after the onset of unstable angina (chest pain) or non-ST segment elevation heart attack.
An early diagnostic angiogram reduced the relative risk of the composite endpoint of death, second heart attack or stroke by 35 percent in a high-risk subset of patients with a heart attack not demonstrating ST segment elevation on the EKG. But for many patients, the slower strategy appears to be just as good.
“If you are at low risk or intermediate risk for death with ACS, it doesn’t matter whether you have your angiogram early or late, but if you are at high-risk, the early intervention strategy is far better,” said Shamir R. Mehta, M.D., M.Sc., study author, director of interventional cardiology at Hamilton Health Sciences Corp. and associate professor of medicine at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
About two-thirds of the patients in the study were in the low or intermediate risk groups.
For the primary endpoint, a composite of death, recurrent heart attack or stroke within six months, the researchers found no significant risk reduction in favor of early intervention. However, striking results emerged when the researchers compared patients based on their Grace Risk Score, a way of predicting the risk of dying within the next six months based on factors like age, other medical conditions, kidney function and a history of heart failure.
Among the 961 patients who measured greater than 140 on the Grace Risk Score, the primary endpoint was seen in 21.6 percent of the late intervention group versus 14.1 percent of the high-risk patients, a 35 percent reduction in relative risk that was of high statistical significance, indicating a clear benefit for early coronary angiography and treatment, he said.
“This is by far, the largest study of ACS to study the ideal timing for intervention,” he said, adding that an earlier trial on the issue was too small to provide a conclusive answer.
“Randomized trials have shown the benefit of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with this form of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), however the optimal timing of those interventions is unknown,” he said.
When most people think of heart attack they think of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), an emergency situation in which the patient has a complete blockage in an artery. Those patients usually should get clot-busting drugs, balloon angioplasty or bypass surgery within minutes or hours of symptom onset.
“Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) patients have less than a complete blockage and their chest pain tends to subside in response to initial medical treatment. Therefore, unlike STEMI, there is no imperative to proceed rapidly to the cath (catheterization) lab. In fact, some have hypothesized that it may be harmful to do so, because if the patient needs a PCI, the procedure would be performed on a recently ruptured plaque with a fresh thrombus (blood clot). The thought was that those conditions could lead to increased complications and higher event rates,” Dr. Mehta said.
However, several studies comparing STEMI and non-STEMI heart attacks found STEMI patients tend to fare better, leading to the hypothesis that the timing of treatment may be a factor, Dr. Mehta said.
“If the early strategy is better than delayed in the high risk patients then it might be appropriate to bypass small hospitals that lack invasive facilities and take those patients directly to an invasive center,” he said.
The study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
For more information: www.americanheart.org
August 14, 2024 
