The Aquilion One offers very fast imaging speeds with low radiation doses, making it popular for pediatric imaging studies.
In this era of financial cost cutting, questions are raised over the true need for 256- or 320-slice computed tomography (CT) systems for cardiac imaging. There are many radiologists and cardiologists who argue a 64-slice CT system is good enough to make a cardiac diagnosis without spending twice as much for the higher-slice systems. However, those who adopted 256- or 320-slice systems say the quality of the images are superior and lead to better diagnoses in CT angiography (CTA).
System users say 64-slice scanner costs a little more than $1 million, while a 256-slice scanner runs about $2 million, and a 320-slice system costs about $2.5 million.
Diagnostic and Invasive Cardiology spoke with cardiac imaging specialists to gain their insights into this debate.
Better Diagnostic Images From Cardiac CT
This debate over the use of established and new technology happens with every new generation of CT, said Michael Vannier, M.D., FACR, professor of radiology and medicine at the University of Chicago Medical Center. “In an ideal world you have patients with low heart rates, they can hold their breath and they don’t have lots of disease. With these conditions you can get great images with just about any CT scanner,” he said
However, the realities are some patients have arrhythmias, fast heart rates, are obese, and pediatric patients squirm. He said these conditions are better suited for high-slice systems, which are faster and offer a larger imaging area. These were among the reasons why the University of Chicago Medical Center purchased a Philips 256-slice Brilliance iCT system.
“The 256-slice scanner costs substantially more than the 64-slice systems. We were skeptical at first, but it was apparent from the start the quality of the exams were much better,” Vannier said. “I don’t think any of our physicians would use a 64-slice system anymore for these cardiac examinations. We were accustomed in the past to having some studies that were just uninterpretable. But today, that has largely gone away.”
While the cost is high, the image quality from a Toshiba Aquilion One 320-slice scan provides much better patient care through more accurate diagnoses, said Michael Poon, M.D., FACC, professor of medicine and radiology, director of advanced cardiac imaging, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook N.Y.
The 320-slice volume scan offers 16 cm of imaging area in one rotation. This allows an image of the entire heart during one phase, rather than taking several images and stitching them together, as with 64-slice scanners. “That makes a big difference in cardiac perfusion imaging,” Poon said.
He explained 64-slice images generally have artifacts due to the multiple image stitching, where parts of the heart or vessels are misaligned due to cardiac movement. Table movement during 64-slice imaging can also contribute to artifacts. Poon explained Siemens and other manufacturers use a continuous table movement, or the GE scanners move in stages during scanning. The Aquilion One uses a stationary table scanning approach because the imaging volume is so large only one image is needed.
“In 64-slice images, the top and the bottom come from different times, but ideally you want to have an image of the heart from the same time,” Poon said. “That is the main problem with cardiac CTA imaging. Ideally you need a scanner that images the whole heart at once. That’s why the 320-slice scanner opens up a whole new era in cardiac imaging.”
More Clinical Evidence is Needed for Cardiac CT
However, there are many cardiologists who insist 64-slice scanning is adequate for cardiac imaging and more clinical evidence is needed to justify the high-cost, higher-slice systems.
“I don’t see a clinical need for a 320- or 256-slice scanner right now,” said James Min, M.D., director of the cardiovascular CT lab at New York Presbyterian Hospital and assistant professor of radiology at Weill Cornell Medical College. “I think we are looking at a three- to five-year process before the incremental benefit justifies the increased cost.”
In recent years, there has been a lot of hype over the release of the 256- and 320-slice systems, but Min said hard, clinical evidence is needed before large numbers of institutions start making purchases. He has not yet seen any published studies of how a 320-slice system stacks up diagnostically to 64-slice systems.
“I think it’s not only the cart before the horse, but we don’t have a horse yet,” Min said. “We need to show 320-slice CT has a definite diagnostic benefit over 64-slice.”
A high-slice scanner also is not a cure-all for CT artifacts. He explained beam-hardening and some motion artifacts will still be seen with a 256- or 320-slice system.
(Editor's note Oct. 1, 2020: The Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) has worked with radiologists and cardiologists over the past decade to support clinical trials and collect data showing the value of cardiac CT. In 2019 CT became a pimary imaging modality recommentation for cardiac imaging in European guidelines. SCCT is working to get the same level of evidence to have CTA listed as a primary imaging modlaity in U.S. guidelines.)
Stress Testing on CT
Min said the higher-slice systems may offer an advantage in perfusion imaging over 64-slice, because of its ability to image the entire heart at once. Up until now, he said only 64-slice systems have been evaluated for CT perfusion imaging. The higher-slice systems will likely show CT can be used for high-quality cardiac perfusion imaging, but clinical studies are needed. These systems also have additional perfusion applications for liver and brain imaging. This may help justify the higher cost, if shared between several specialities.
The Aquilion One 320-slice scanner can complete an entire body scan in three seconds, and a heart scan without table movement in less than half a second. Poon said this speed and coverage will allow CT adenosine stress imaging, which is primarily reserved only for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear imaging.
“Nuclear has been the standard of care (for perfusion imaging), but the temporal spatial resolution is not good at all,” Poon said. He added the low resolution can miss small perfusion defects that are easily seen on the 320-slice images.
Changes in Reading CT Images
The slight misalignments in 64-slice cardiac images lead to many artifacts, which radiologists and cardiologists take into account when reading. However, a 320-slice scanner image eliminates these artifacts. Poon said what you see is the actual, full heart frozen at one particular time.
“I had to change my reading habits,” Poon said. “I was so used to reading 64-slice that I just assumed many things I see are artifacts. But now what I am seeing is a lesion, its not an artifact anymore. We are so used to artifacts on 64-slice that we discount many things. You have to look at the 320 under a different light. You can’t assume there are artifacts anymore.”
The University of Chicago Medical Center uses 16-, 64- and 256-slice systems. Some patients had exams at different times performed by two or all three of the systems. Vannier said the radiologists compared these images and were able to pick out the 256 system immediately. All motion was frozen and the images lacked the “blocky” misaligned stitching artifacts, he said. The high motion area near the diaphragm also contributed to motion blur that appeared as a thickening of tissue, which would have led to an improper diagnosis, “We started asking ourselves if we were calling things abnormal when they are actually OK. It was really sobering,” Vannier explained.
Spatial Resolution vs. Slices on CT Scanners
When New York Presbyterian Hospital recently decided to add a new scanner for its dedicated cardiac CT lab, increasing spatial resolution was the deciding factor over volume coverage. “We had the option to go with any scanner, but what we are interested in is increased spatial resolution,” Min said. “But, I don’t want spatial resolution at the cost of higher radiation dose.”
The hospital purchased a GE Healthcare LightSpeed CT750 High Definition (HD) 64-slice CT system. The scanner is supposed to produce images 100 times faster than standard 64-slice system, with up to 47 percent greater image detail in the heart. The system uses GE’s Gemstone technology with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR), to offer improved spatial resolution that reduces calcium blooming artifacts. ASIR also offers up to 50 percent less radiation dose without compromising diagnostic image quality.
Many of Min’s patients are older and have a lot of calcium or stents, which traditional CT has issues penetrating for clear images. “We can now see through calcium and stents better than the older 64-slice systems,” he said. The new CT system’s resolution also improved luminal diameter visualization for a more accurate diagnosis.
“It improved our diagnostic certainty and eliminated the need for additional tests,” Min said. This helped reduce the number of patients referred for additional testing, which helped cut costs and the amount of time needed to assess a patient’s condition.
New image reconstruction algorithms also help reduce noise, while allowing for a lower radiation dose, Min said.
Return on Investment When Buying a New CT System
Poon said the return on investment for a 320-slice system is easier for high-volume centers to absorb. “It is very expensive, but our emergency department (ED) is very busy,” Poon explained. Each CT scanner in the ED handles between 50-60 cases per day, so there is no shortage of patients to help carry the cost burden.
The University of Chicago Medical Center located its 256-slice scanner next to the emergency department. It is also used by several specialities in addition to cardiology. Vannier said this helps spread the cost of the machine and ensures it does not sit idle. The 256-slice system scans much faster than 64-slice systems, so patient throughput is faster, meaning more patients can be seen in a day, he said.
There are other fixed costs beyond the scanner that facilities need to think about, Vannier added. These include the cost of personnel to run the machine and the room where the CT equipment is located. He also said a cardiac CT program needs to be an entire package, not just a machine. An efficiently run CT system needs a good internal scheduling system, clear scheduling contact with patients, a process to get authorization from the payers, and ways to relax and prep the patient for the study. Good post-processing software is also needed, and remote and home access is a big plus for efficiency, Vannier said.
CT System Comparison Chart
View an apples-to-apples comparison of technical specifications on currently available computed tomography systems on the U.S. market at www.dicardiology.com/content/cardiac-ct-systems. To view the chart specs you will need to log-in, which is free and only takes a minute.
May 12, 2020 
