Will Cardiac MRI Expand?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cardiac assessment provides a radiation-free alternative to other commonly used modalities like computed tomography (CT) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Cardiac MRI (CMR) offers greater contrast and image clarity than CT, does not require use of a contrast agent and allows radiation-free perfusion imaging. The technology does, however, present challenges unseen with other modalities. It remains the most expensive of all imaging exams, largely thanks to the length and complications of the scan itself. Furthermore, the use of magnets has traditionally made MRI inaccessible for patients with implanted medical devices. As a result, CT and SPECT have remained the gold standard for cardiac imaging assessment. 

While these modalities will continue to serve important roles, MRI technological advancements are providing new opportunities for cardiac MRI to expand. “The average SPECT scanner in the United States is 20-25 years old, so many of them will have to be upgraded soon,” said Leslee Shaw, Ph.D., FACC, FASNC, FAHA, professor of medicine, division of cardiology at Emory University School of Medicine. Recent advancements in MRI technology may allow the modality to step up and increase its utility in the radiologist’s armamentarium.

Shortening and Simplifying MRI Exams

One of the biggest hurdles to more extensive use of cardiac MRI is how long the exam takes and how complicated the procedures are. “The protocols used to be very labor-intensive for the physician,” said Shaw. Depending on the specific assessment, a cardiac MRI exam can take up to an hour or more.[1]  

One of the complications with image acquisition is the need for patients to hold their breath during certain sequences. The breath hold is necessary to cease any motion that might obscure the image, but not all patients are able to do this for the required length of time or repeatedly. 

A several technologies have been released in the last few years to address motion. Canon Medical Systems (formerly Toshiba Medical) received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance in February for the Vantage Galan 3.0T XGO Edition MRI system, which includes several enhanced cardiac capabilities. Operators can do T1 mapping that utilizes a Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence, allowing a more quantitative characterization of myocardial tissue within a single breath hold. 

Another feature of the Vantage Galan 3.0T XGO Edition is Phase Sensitive Inversion Recovery (PSIR). This provides improved contrast in late-enhanced imaging, which eliminates the need for an inversion time (TI) calibration scan and reduces the number of breath holds needed to complete the exam. 

Siemens Healthineers addressed the length of cardiac MRI exams with the release of Compressed Sensing in 2016. Available on the Magnetom Aera 1.5T and Magnetom Skyra 3T, Compressed Sensing acquires high-resolution cardiac cine images of the entire cardiac cycle in 16 seconds, compared to the traditional four minutes. According to Siemens, patients would normally have to hold their breath 10 to 14 times in those four minutes, but they may breathe freely with Compressed Sensing. All data processing is done directly at the scanner. In addition to the shorter scan time, Siemens said the technology opens cardiac MRI to patients who previously could not benefit from it due to low diagnostic image quality. 

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiac MRI

Perhaps no technology has generated more buzz in radiology recently than artificial intelligence (AI). The technology is a potential game-changer in the space, essentially giving radiologists a second set of eyes for diagnosis and image analysis. “It has the potential to help us with complex problem solving,” said Louise Thompson, M.D., nuclear medicine specialist in the Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai.

Shaw said that quantification is the main role for AI in medical imaging, and cardiac MR is no different. Examples she cited of how AI could be applied include:

  • Assessment of plaque composition;
  • Evaluating the percentage of the heart that is ischemic, or that is scarred following myocardial infarction (MI);
  • Looking at patterns of scarring within ischemia;
  • Wall motion abnormalities; and
  • Learning repetitive motion patterns to negate motion artifacts. 

One 2017 study tested an AI algorithm that quantifies right ventricular function from cine CMR images as a way to predict right-sided heart failure and death related to pulmonary hypertension (PH). The algorithm assessed motion within the right ventricle on the images based on an atlas of prior images, allowing semi-automated segmentation of each data set. Computational analysis showed good correlation between the prior and current images. The researchers concluded that semi-automated analysis of cine cardiac MR images in patients with PH is feasible, accurate and reproducible. Furthermore, the team added that, “A machine-learning survival model that includes cardiac motion has incremental prognostic power when compared with conventional parameters.”[2]

San Francisco-based Arterys, developer of medical imaging cloud AI solutions, has introduced several applications for cardiac MRI through imaging vendor partnerships. Arterys collaborated with GE Healthcare to create the ViosWorks software. This performs a full 3-D chest volume scan, but adds four additional “dimensions” — myocardium motion, blood flow, time and fully automated quantification — to accomplish what GE calls a “7-D” exam. Each scan acquires approximately 20 gigabytes of data (the average cardiac MRI contains 200 megabytes) and does so in one free-breathing exam. 

In January 2017, Arterys received FDA approval for the Cardio DL application that provides automated, editable ventricle segmentations for CMR exams in seconds. It was preceded by the FDA-approved 4D Flow application that allows a fast acquisition, free-breathing scan that captures anatomy and flow in one chest exam. The application displays semi-automated flow with Eddy Current Correction (ECC), accounting for changing magnetic fields for improved output and reproducible results. 

All Arterys applications are part of the Arterys MICA platform for medical image analytics, unveiled at the 2017 Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) annual meeting.

MR Angiography vs. CT Angiography

MRI angiography (MRA) has also been utilized as an alternative modality versus cardiac CT angiography (CTA or CCTA) exams because it eliminates radiation dose to the patient, the need for a contrast agent and offers better soft tissue detail. Despite these advantages, MRA has never achieved the same utility as traditional CTA. Clinically, this is largely because MRI is not as effective for investigating the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) or disease in other small vessels. Shaw noted that in particular, MRI has trouble adjusting for motion in the coronaries, “but it has gotten better,” she said. Add the high cost and longer acquisition times, and it is clear why MR angiography has not considered a first-line imaging tool. 

While it may not be a suitable alternative to CCTA for coronary assessment, MRA can be employed as a complementary test in certain scenarios. “In cardiac CT, there’s going to be around 20 to 30 percent of patients where it’s not that clear cut — whether there’s disease or not and whether the disease is significant or not,” said Norbert Wilke, M.D., associate professor of radiology and medicine at the University of Florida-Jacksonville. For these patients, MR angiography may provide a more detailed assessment of the extent of disease. 

MRI-guided Interventional and EP Procedures

One possible avenue for future expansion of MRA is as a tool to guide interventional cardiology and electrophysiology (EP) procedures. While this is traditionally done with X-ray fluoroscopy, that modality is inherently poor at visualizing cardiovascular soft tissue anatomy. As a result, a small handful of centers are using live MR angiography in place of traditional cath lab X-ray angiography imaging systems and EP electromapping systems to directly visualize catheters. For EP cardiac ablation procedures, MRA allows immediate visualization of tissue reaction to each ablation, including being able to see the depth of the lesions made. 

“The promise is enormous, the promise of doing these procedures with no radiation, being able to see the lesions, being able to see the anatomy is unbelievably attractive,” said Hugh Calkins, M.D., FACC, FAHA, FHRS, director of cardiac arrhythmia services and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Calkins is also a past president of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) and lead author of the HRS AF consensus document.

Watch the VIDEO "Editor's Choice of Most Innovative New Technology at HRS 2017" to see examples of MRI technology being developed for EP lab procedure guidance.
 

Growth of MRI-Compatible Devices

Patients with pacemakers, implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) or cardiac resynchronization therapy devices (CRT) are often in need of MRI exams, but are frequently prevented from getting them due to their devices. According to Medtronic, 12-16 percent of device patients are likely to have an MRI ordered each year. 

All major cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) vendors now offer MR-compatible or MR-safe versions of most of their products. Biotronik was the first company to offer both single- and dual-chamber pacemakers approved by the FDA for use in an MRI setting. As of May 2015, the company reported 60 percent of its pacing devices were MRI-approved. 

Boston Scientific received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the ImageReady MR-Conditional Pacing System in April 2016. The approval included the Accolade MRI and Essentio MRI pacemakers, as well as the new Ingevity MRI pacing leads with active and passive fixation models. Patients equipped with the full ImageReady System are able to undergo 1.5T MRI exams if the proper conditions are met. 

Abbott gained FDA clearance for MR-conditional labeling on its Assurity MRI pacemaker and the Tendril MRI pacing lead in February 2017. During an MRI scan, the pacemaker works with Abbott's MRI Activator handheld device to trigger pre-programmed MRI settings appropriately tailored to individual patients. This technology can help eliminate the effort, time and patient inconvenience commonly associated with conventional pre- and post-scan pacemaker reprogramming.

While MR-conditional devices have opened new possibilities for their patients, a new study suggests legacy pacing systems may still be safe. The study evaluated 1,509 patients with a pacemaker or ICD who underwent clinically necessary MRI scans. The results showed no reports of any long-term clinically significant adverse events. A total of nine devices did require a reset to a backup mode.[3] Observed changes included:

  • A reduction in P-wave amplitude immediately after MRI in about 1 percent of patients;
  • Long-term decrease in P-wave amplitude from baseline in 4 percent;
  • Long-term increase in atrial capture threshold in 4 percent;
  • Long-term increase in right ventricular capture threshold in 4 percent; and 
  • Long-term increase in left ventricular capture threshold in 3 percent.

None of the observed changes were deemed clinically significant.[3]  

Read more about MRI-safe pacemakers.

Watch the related VIDEO: Advances in Cardiac MRI Technology — Interview with James Carr, M.D.

References:
1. Lorraine B., Lott C., “MRI Heart (Cardiac MRI),” InsideRadiology.com, July 26, 2017.
2. Dawes T.J.W., de Marvao A., Shi W., Fletcher T., et al. “Machine Learning of Three-dimensional Right Ventricular Motion Enables Outcome Prediction in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Cardiac MR Imaging Study,” Radiology, May 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016161315
3. Nazarian S., Hansford R., Rahsepar A.A., Weltin V., et al. “Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Cardiac Devices,” New England Journal of Medicine, Dec. 28, 2017.